Comparing Impact of Treatment Before or After Surgery in Patients With Stage II-IIIB Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The primary and secondary objectives of the study: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: I. To compare the 3-year real-world event-free survival (rwEFS) rate and overall survival (OS) between perioperative and adjuvant immunotherapy-based treatment for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (dual endpoints). SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: I. To compare the rates of surgical resection between the two arms. II. To compare the rates of complete resection (R0) between the two arms. III. To summarize and compare rates of adverse events (AEs) resulting in permanent treatment discontinuation, hospitalization, or death between the two arms. IV. To evaluate the association between locally defined pathological complete response (pCR) and rwEFS in patients randomized to the perioperative arm (arm 2). V. To compare the rwEFS post 3-years from randomization between the two arms among patients who do not experience an event by 3 years. EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES: I. To compare outcomes according to the systemic therapy administered on each arm. II. To compare the sites of relapse between the two treatment arms. OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms. ARM 1: SURGERY: Patients undergo surgery within 28 days of registration. ADJUVANT THERAPY: Patients receive platinum-based doublet chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, docetaxel, and/or vinorelbine) for up to 4 cycles and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and/or atezolizumab) for up to 1 year in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity according to current approved guidelines. ARM 2: NEOADJUVANT THERAPY: Within 28 days of registration, patients receive platinum-based doublet chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, docetaxel, and/or vinorelbine) for up to 4 cycles in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and/or atezolizumab) according to current approved guidelines. SURGERY: Patients undergo surgery. ADJUVANT THERAPY: Patients receive immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and/or atezolizumab) for up to 1 year in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity according to current approved guidelines. Patients also undergo computed tomography (CT) throughout the study and may undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT at screening. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 6 months for up to 10 years.